01 The Language of Music
　　
　　A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm-two entirely different movements.
　　
　　Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner¡¯s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.
　　
　　This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical but selfless authority.
　　
　　Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.

02 Schooling and Education 　　
　　It is commonly believed in United States that school is where
　　people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said
　　that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The
　　distinction between schooling and education implied by this

Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than
　　schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place
　　anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a
　　kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that
　　takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal
　　learning. The agents of education can range from a revered
　　

Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process,
　　whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.
　　Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately
　　the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use
　　similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The
　　slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the
　　

03 The Definition of “Price”
　　
　　Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also
　　the means by which products and services that are in limited
　　

If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to
　　define “price”, many would reply that price is an amount of
　　money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or,
　　in other words that price is the money values of a product or
　

04 Electricity
　　
　　The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to
　　electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to
　　imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a
　　
　　

All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart
　　beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an
　　electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how
　　well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves
　　of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram.
　　The electric currents generated by most living cells are

05 The Beginning of Drama
　　
　　There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient
　　Greece. The on most widely accepted today is based on the
　　assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this
　　view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the

Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue
　　that those rites contained the seed of theater because music,
　　dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used,
　　furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances
　　and when the entire community did not participate, a clear
　　division was usually made between the "acting area" and the
　　

　Another theory traces the theater’s origin from the human
　　interest in storytelling. According to this vies tales (about the
　　hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first
　　through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a
　　narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by
　　

06 Televisions
　　
　　Television-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern
　　technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into
　　a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility,
　　which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an

Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is
　　a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication,
　　and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human
　　beings.
　　
　　The field of television can be divided into two categories
　　

Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We
　　are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been
　　with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what
　　exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the
　　most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who
　　have been the major purveyors of news, information, and
　　

07 Andrew Carnegie
　　
　　Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel
　　industry in the United States, and, in the process, became one of
　　the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from
　　his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of